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The Criminal Justice System Essays - 2382 Words

The criminal justice system views any crime as a crime committed against the state and places much emphasis on retribution and paying back to the community, through time, fines or community work. Historically punishment has been a very public affair, which was once a key aspect of the punishment process, through the use of the stocks, dunking chair, pillory, and hangman’s noose, although in today’s society punishment has become a lot more private (Newburn, 2007). However it has been argued that although the debt against the state has been paid, the victim of the crime has been left with no legal input to seek adequate retribution from the offender, leaving the victim perhaps feeling unsatisfied with the criminal justice process.†¦show more content†¦Braithwaite was working with offenders and victims and focusing on ways to reintegrate them back into society through restorative means instead of going through the criminal justice system and the stigmas attached to being labeled a criminal. Before Braithwaite began to develop this idea the punitive justice and penitentiary system had been formerly established since the eighteenth century, when before that informal control measures such as the church, saw communities police themselves (Sharpe, 2002). However with the creation of Thames Valley police force in seventeen ninety-eight, Britain’s first official police force, crime and punishment now become a matter of the state rather than just a community concern. This saw a change in how crime was perceived and criminals dealt with as there were now trained professionals deciding on how best to punish the offender as well as punishments becoming less corporate and more restrictive. Newburn (2007) state that there are four forms of restorative justice practices victim-offender mediation, family group conferencing as well as healing and sentencing circles and citizen panels. In nineteen-seventy the first official victim- offender mediation programme was established in Canada through a Christian sect with the purpose of aiding the healing of the victims through bringing them together with the offenders and hopefully resolving an appropriate solution. The offender acknowledgingShow MoreRelatedJustice Systems And The Criminal Justice System Essay1248 Words   |  5 PagesThe criminal justice system is a complex and often uncoordinated system that operates by enforcing the law and seeking justice across countless jurisdictions. It is comprised of many separate agencies including agencies at the federal, state, and local level. Each agency has its own function and goals while operating at different levels of government. The agencies also represent different concerns and values of the public, creating a fragmented system rather than a monolithic, unified system. A monolithicRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1308 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Criminal Justice System The criminal justice system refers to the way in which a society chooses to handle all aspects of crime and punishment. In the Western world, particularly the United States, the criminal justice system is an official governmental system that focuses on crime and punishment, though some societies still incorporate a significant amount of informal social controls into their criminal justice systems. The criminal justice system covers everything from crime-prevention andRead MoreCriminal Justice System1524 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the Criminal Justice System is to reduce the crime and the fire of crime. In order to achieve this it is using different agencies and the major of them are the Police, Prosecution, Courts, Prisons and Probation. They all are operating in synchrony for achieving their legal responsibilities and particularly for reducing the level of crime. The aim of this essay specifically is to discuss the functions of the police and how they actually fit with the objective s of the Criminal Justice System as aRead MoreThe On The Criminal Justice System984 Words   |  4 PagesGarland (2001), view on â€Å"the criminal justice system in America was created to keep communities safe, to respect and restore victims, and to return offenders who leave prison to be self-sufficient and law-abiding. Treatment simply did not work either by therapy or broader social programs and became is a monumental failure that our states and nation can no longer afford† (p.61) Garland (2001) stated â€Å"that the collapse of faith in our correction system began a wave of demoralization that underminedRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1667 Words   |  7 PagesThe criminal justice system has for long been faced by a lot of caseloads, an issue which has been heaping a lot of pressure on the stakeholders.  Ã‚  The cause of increased workload is lack of adequate resources to deal with the caseload. Some people have argued that the only way to deal with the overloads is to provide more money to the criminal justice systems so that everyone involved will be able to do the required tasks and in so doing reduce the number of cases while scholars think that the onlyRead MoreCriminal Justice System1308 Words   |  6 PagesNorways criminal justice system is doing something right. The few citizens that go to prison usually only go once. How does Norway achieve this? The country relies on a method called restorative justice, which aims to repair the harm caused by crime rather than punish people. This system is purely focused on rehabilitating prisoners. The United States, on the other hand, places focus on incarceration and incapacitation. This is where the methodologies clash: should the criminal justice system be responsibleRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1597 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of the criminal justice system is explained by three definitions: Control crime, Prevent crime, and provide and maintain justice. This sense of criminal justice has been the same since pre-civilized communities, where the elders of a tribe enforced the laws of the village. The criminal justice system has changed drastically from the times of kinship systems to today’s system of laws. As time has passed criminal justice has change in many ways, for example: the way they dress, arrest,Read MoreThe Criminal Justice System1305 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout this course, I have learned about the many segments of the criminal justice syste m. The criminal justice system is made up of three main elements which process a case from initiation, through trial, to punishment. First a case starts with law enforcement officials, who investigate crime and gather evidence to identify and use against the assumed suspect. The case then proceeds to the court system, which evaluates the evidence to decide if the defendant is guilty or innocent. If the defendantRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pagesselected is criminal justice. The criminal Justice system is a compilation of federal, state or local agencies that concern issues dealing with crime. This public policy is provided by the judicial, executive and legislative branches of government. The task of the criminal justice system is to figure out the truth, defend the innocent and even to make the guilty parties punishment not as harsh as it is originally said to be (cliffnots). And most of to provide justice. In criminal justice the federalRead MoreJustice And The Criminal Justice System Essay1918 Words   |  8 PagesWhen it comes to the criminal justice system, there is often a gray area between what is considered fair and what is just, with these concepts many times having a connection. Furthermore, justice and fairness are subjective and many times individuals’ concept of what is fair or just differ. Throughout a recent court case involving a Stanford University swimmer being charged with rape, that issue became well evident. This case involved a Stanford student, Brock Turner, being charged with sexually

Nurseâ€Patient Ratio in California Free Essays

a) Nurse-Patient ratio is the relationship of the number of patients that should be served by one nurse at particular moment of time. It was a working formula that was proposal in 1992 by the California Nurses Association (CAN), which was to cater for quality service to patients by their nurses in the hospitals. After varied controversial arguments about the proposal regarding the overall implication to the economic costs of the ratio, different proposal from the concerned parties were arrived at where; the state government proposed ratio was 1:6 for all the medical or surgical units in the hospital. We will write a custom essay sample on Nurse–Patient Ratio in California or any similar topic only for you Order Now    However this ratio was to lower to 1:5 in a period of one and one-half year. The California Nurse Union (CNU) had a proposal of 1:3 for the medical units and 1:4 for the surgical units. The California Hospital Association (CHA) had proposed a ratio of 1:10 for both medical and surgical units. The nurse-patient ratio was enacted in October 1999.   However, the results of the actual proposed ratios were released on 2002.   The CNU and CHA ratio requirement were thought to be stable all through and each of them parties sought for its own ratio implementation.   However, the state proposal consisted a series of development where, they were to be implement at 1:6 and later reduced to 1:5 after 1 – 1  ½ year. (Slack, Slack,2001, p.107) b) History The nurse-patient ratio was firstly proposed by nurses in California in 1992 (Russell, 2004) However it was enacted as a law in 1999 but its enactment was to be followed by a period of its implement, which was to be until January 2002.   This implementation gave the California Hospital Association upto a deadline of January 2003 to hire the right number of nurses for their hospital as required by the government proposal of 1:5   ratio which the government had stated would lower from the ratio of 1:6 in a period of 1 – 1  ½ years. However, due to the complains, from the CHA, the proposal was only enacted into a law in January 2004, requiring the hospitals to implement on the 1:5 ratio by June 2004.  Ã‚   But following an emergency proposal by the director of department of Health Services – Sandra Sherry, the 1:5 ratio laws would only be instituted in January 2008.   (Russell 2004) c) Ideally, this proposal would highly support a positive nursing work environment.   Although the Californian Hospital Association argues that this would be too costly, but this would on be argumentable for the short run.   However, the cost would be reduced in the short run period of their business cycle.  Ã‚   Since higher ratios would ultimately help to improve the existing state of patient care.   Either, Lower ratios would consequently call for more nurse to join the career, whose turn over was very low. Through lowering the ratios, then the profession would be more interesting to the young learners who will be able to join it.   Also, it was made to call back those nurses who had left the profession due to unappealing ratio. To defend, their argument, they argued that, lower nurse-patient ratio was to lower the possible costs by hospitals to hire other nurses.   This is because of the possible economies that would be arrived at through the savings in greater patient care and faster service delivery.   Either, hospitals would reduce the hire of the nurses who were temporary registered, and whose cost was higher than that of permanently employed nurses.   (Coombs, 2004, p. 83) d) However, different controversies were between different parties aligned to this proposal.  Ã‚   Firstly, the California Nurse Association felt that, this was a good move, as it enhanced better patient care and ultimately economies to the owners of the medical centers in the long run.   They believed that, by using lower ratios, the result would be an attraction of more number of young and others who had left to the nursing profession.   Either, this worked to reduce cost by the hire of temporary registered persons. However, the California Hospital Association argued that this was impractical in terms of cost of implementation.   They argued that these would only work to favour the nurses at the expense of their business.   The state government thought that, the proposals of the nurses were viable but could only work under stages of implementation. It believed this proposal worked for the good of the people.   Also, the union for Service Employees International was also in the view that, this proposal worked to improve the amount of care given to patient hence it was important for its implementation. (Ponton, Carrion, 2001, p.48) e) The proposal would be highly recommendable for the general service delivery to the patients.   Either, it was important since it worked to improve the conditions of both the patients, nurses and hospital owners. f. (I) Yes, they work to ensure that, there were a lesser number of patients for service by one nurse.   This helped to reduce the amount of service by the nurses hence they could give a better attention to the patients.   However this did not keep the attention of any possible risk cases where the number of patients may increase indefinitely. ii) The government enacted that the ratio that would remain as 1:6 in January 2004, and reduce to 1:5 by June the same year.   However, in a petition that was passed to the court, by the direction of California Hospital Association this would only to be active in January 2008.   However, the ratio of 1:6 has not been followed in some health centers where nurse are made to serve a bigger number than this ratio.   Else where, there has been a positive adherence to this law in most of the hospitals. (David, Baustica, p. 66) References David, E. Baustista, H. (2004) La Nueva California LATINOS IN THE GOLDEN STATE. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Ponton, M. Carrion, J. (2001).   Neuropsychology and the Hispanic Patient: A clinical Handbook; Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Coombs, M. (2004) Power Conflict between Doctors and Nurses.   Breaking Through the Inner Circle in Clinical Care. London : Routledge. Slack, N. Slack, C. (2001) Cyber Medicine: How Computing Empowers Doctors and Patients For Better Cared Revised and Updated Edition. San. Francisco: Jossey – Bass. Russell, S. (2004).   State Moves to Freeze Nurse Patient Ratio.   Nov, 05, 2005 How to cite Nurse–Patient Ratio in California, Essay examples

Anatomy Review Skeletal Muscle Tissue Essay Example For Students

Anatomy Review: Skeletal Muscle Tissue Essay Anatomy Review: Skeletal Muscle Tissue Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings (http://www. aw-bc. com) Page 1. Introduction Skeletal muscle cells have unique characteristics which allow for body movement. Page 2. Goals To compare and contrast smooth muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells, and skeletal muscle cells. To review the anatomy of skeletal muscle. To examine the connective tissue associated with the skeletal muscle. To review the intracellular organization of the skeletal muscle cell. Page 3. Comparison of Skeletal, Cardiac and Smooth Muscle Cells Skeletal Muscle Cell: Cardiac Muscle: Smooth Muscle Cell: Elongated Cells Branching Cells Spindle-shaped Cell Multiple Peripheral Nuclei Single Central Nucleus Visible Striations Lack Visible Striations Voluntary Involuntary ** Now is a good time to go to quiz question 1: Click the Quiz button on the left side of the screen. After answering question 1, click the Back to Topic button on the left side of the screen. To get back to where you left off, click on the scrolling page list at the top of the screen and choose 4. Whole Skeletal Muscle. Page 4. Whole Skeletal Muscle Skeletal muscles attacn to Dones Vla tendons. Internal Structure of a Skeletal Muscle Page 5. Skeletal muscles are composed of connective tissue and contractile cells. The connective tissues surrounding the entire muscle is the epimysium. Bundles of muscle cells are called fascicles. The connective tissues surrounding the fascicles is called perimysium. Label this diagram: Page 6. Internal Structure ofa Fascicle Important Points About Endomysium: Made of connective tissue. Surrounds individual muscle cells. Functions to electrically insulates muscle cells from one another. ? Three connective tissue layers of the muscle (endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium): Bind the muscle cells together. Provide strength and support to the entire muscle. Are continuous with the tendons at the ends of the muscle. Label this diagram: Page 7. Internal Structure ofa Skeletal Muscle Cell Label this diagram: Muscle fibers: Alternative name for skeletal muscle cells. N ucleus: Contains the genetic material. Sarcolemma: Plasma membrane of the muscle cell. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR): Interconnecting tubules of endoplasmic reticulum that surround each myofibril. ? Terminal cisternae: Sac-like regions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that contain calcium ions. T tubules: Invaginations of the sarcolemma that project deep into the cell. Triad: A group of one T tubule lying between two adjacent terminal cisternae. Cytosol: Intracellular fluid. Mitochondria: Sites of ATP synthesis. Myofibril: Contains the contractile filaments within the skeletal muscle cell. ** Now is a good time to go to quiz questions 2 and 3: Click on the scrolling page list at the top of the screen and choose 2. Labeling Muscle Cell Structures. After answering question 3, click the Back to Topic button n the left side of the screen. To get back to where you left off, click on the scrolling page list at the top of the screen and choose 8. Structure ofa Myofibril. Page 8. Struc ture ofa Myofibril Myofibrils: Contractile units within muscle cells. Made of myofilaments called thin filaments and thick filaments. filaments are made mainly of the proteins actin and myosin. ** Now is a good time to go to quiz question 4: Thin and thick CllcK tne Quiz Dutton on tne lett sloe 0T tne screen. Click on the scrolling page list at the top of the screen and choose 4. Myofibril Puzzle. After anaswring question 4, click the Back to Topic button on the left side of the screen. To get back to where you left off, click on the scrolling page list at the top of the screen and choose 9. Arrangement of Myofilaments. Page 9. Arrangement of Myofilaments Label the diagram: A bands: Dark areas that correspond to the areas where thick filaments are present. I bands: Light areas that contains only thin filaments. Z line: A protein disk within the I band that anchors the thin filaments and connects adjacent myofibrils. H zone: Located in the middle of each A band, this light er stripe appears corresponding o the region between the thin filaments. M line: Protein fibers that connect neighboring thick filaments. Sarcomere: The region of the myofibril between two Z lines. ** Keep in mind, this information is crucial for your understanding of the sliding filament theory. ** Now is a good time to go to quiz question 5: Click on the scrolling page list at the top of the screen and choose 5. .u153fd1d9f67eb4a5cb24d3aabe72d42c , .u153fd1d9f67eb4a5cb24d3aabe72d42c .postImageUrl , .u153fd1d9f67eb4a5cb24d3aabe72d42c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u153fd1d9f67eb4a5cb24d3aabe72d42c , .u153fd1d9f67eb4a5cb24d3aabe72d42c:hover , .u153fd1d9f67eb4a5cb24d3aabe72d42c:visited , .u153fd1d9f67eb4a5cb24d3aabe72d42c:active { border:0!important; } .u153fd1d9f67eb4a5cb24d3aabe72d42c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u153fd1d9f67eb4a5cb24d3aabe72d42c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u153fd1d9f67eb4a5cb24d3aabe72d42c:active , .u153fd1d9f67eb4a5cb24d3aabe72d42c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u153fd1d9f67eb4a5cb24d3aabe72d42c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u153fd1d9f67eb4a5cb24d3aabe72d42c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u153fd1d9f67eb4a5cb24d3aabe72d42c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u153fd1d9f67eb4a5cb24d3aabe72d42c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u153fd1d9f67eb4a5cb24d3aabe72d42c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u153fd1d9f67eb4a5cb24d3aabe72d42c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u153fd1d9f67eb4a5cb24d3aabe72d42c .u153fd1d9f67eb4a5cb24d3aabe72d42c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u153fd1d9f67eb4a5cb24d3aabe72d42c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Critique EssayLabeling a Myofibril. After answering question 5, click the Back to Topic button on the left side top of the screen and choose 10. Review: Organizational Levels of Skeletal Muscle. Page 10. Review: Organizational Levels of Skeletal Muscle Bundle-within-a-bundle organization of skeletal muscle: myofilaments myofibril muscle cell or muscle fiber fascicles whole skeletal muscle Page 11. Pyramid of Subunits Whole muscle as a pyramid of subunits: Fascicles Muscle cells (Muscle Fibers) Myofibrils Myofilaments Page 12. Summary The three types of muscle cells in the body are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Skeletal muscle nas tnree layers 0T connectlve tlssue: eplmyslum, perimysium, ana endomysium. The striations of skeletal muscle cells are due to the organized rrangement of contractile proteins called thick and thin filaments. A whole muscle demonstrates a bundle-within-a-bundle organization: myofilaments 0 myofibrils muscle cells (muscle fibers) 0 fascicles 0 whole muscle ** Now is a good time to go to quiz question 6: Click on the scrolling page list at the top of the screen and choose 6. Organizational Levels of Skeletal Muscle. Notes on Quiz Questions: Quiz Question #1: Three Types of Muscle Cells This question allows you to fill in a table which contains the characteristics of the various muscle cells. Quiz Question #2: Labeling Muscle Cell Structures This question allows you to label the parts of a skeletal muscle cell. Quiz Question #3: Definition of Muscle Cell Structures This question allows you to match the parts of the skeletal muscle cells to their definitions. Quiz Question #4: Myofibril Puzzle This question allows you to assemble a myofibril. Quiz Question #5: Labeling a Myofibril This question allows you to label the parts of a myofibril. Quiz Question #6: Organizational Levels of Skeletal Muscle This question allows you to label the muscle at various levels of organization. Study Questions on Anatomy Review: Skeletal Muscle Tissue . (Page 1 What is the main function of skeletal muscles? A. Movement of the body 2. (Page 3. ) List the three types of contractile cells of the body. A. Skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells, and smooth muscle cells. 3. Page 3. ) Match the following types of contractile cells to their shape (branching, elongated, spindle-shaped): Elongated a. Skeletal muscle cells Brancnlng_ D. caralac muscle cells Spindle-shaped c. Smooth muscle cells 4. (Page 3. ) Match the following types of contractile cells to the characteristics of their nuclei and presence or absence of striations: Cardiac Muscle Cells Smooth Muscle Cells Skeletal Muscle Cells Cardiac Muscle Cells a. presence of visible striatio ns single, centrally-located nuclei Skeletal Muscle Cells b. resence of visible striations multiple peripheral nuclei Smooth Muscle Cells c. absence of visible striations single, centrally-located nuclei number of nuclei 5. (Page 4. ) What is the name of the structure that attaches skeletal muscles to bones? A: Tendons 6. (Page 5. ) Bundles of skeletal muscle cells are called Fascicles . 7. (Page 5. ) The connective tissue which immediately surrounds a muscle is called Epimysium Perimysium nd the connective tissue around the fascicles is called 8. (Page 6. ) What is the function of endomysium? A: Electrically insulates muscle cells from one another. 9. (Page 7. ) Match these terms to their description: Triad T tubules Terminal cisternae Sarcolemma Muscle fibers Mitochondria Sarcoplasmic reticulum Myofibril a. Sac-like regions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that contain calcium ions. b. Sites of ATP synthesis. sarcolemma c. Plasma memorane 0T tne muscle cell. d. Alternative name for skeletal muscle cells. Sarcoplasmic reticulum e. Interconnecting tubules of endoplasmic reticulum that urround each myofibril. f. A group of one T tubule lying between two adjacent terminal cisternae. T tubules projecting deep into the cell. g. Invaginations of the sarcolemma that h. Contains the contractile filaments within the skeletal muscle cell. 10. (Page 8. ) What are the names for the two types of filament in a myofibril? A: Thin filaments and thick filaments. 1 1 . (Page 9. ) What creates the skeletal muscle cells striated appearance? A: The arrangement of thin and thick myofilaments, which form light and dark alternating bands. 12. (Page 9. ) Match the following: A band I band H zone a. Contains only thin filaments. b. Contains only thick filaments. . Contains both thin and thick filaments. 13. (Page 9. ) Perpendicular to the myofilaments are the Z lines and the M lines. The Z lines connect the Thin filaments and the M lines connect the Thick filaments. 14. (Page 9. ) The region of the myofibril between two Z lines that is the contractile unit of a muscle cell is called a Sarcomere 15. (Page 10. ) Arrange the following from smallest structure to largest structure: Muscle cell or muscle fiber Fascicle Whole skeletal muscle A: Myofilaments, Myofibril, Muscle cell or muscle fiber, Fascicle, Whole skeletal